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Cannabinoid Research
What Cannabinoids can be present in Blue Mountain Extracts' Products
There are 113 cannabinoids that have been discovered present in hemp or cannabis setiva, of which CBD is typically the most abundant. In the industry, there is discussion and key research of the Big 6 cannabinoids, which are typically CBD, THC, CBC, CBN, CBG, and THCV. These plus others are always present in varying concentrations thus by both focusing on feedstock quality and separation and purification techniques, Blue Mountain can provide these unique blends to our partners.
Learn more about the Cannabinoids by clicking the heading below.
Cannabidiol, CBD, is one of the Big 6 cannabinoids found in hemp that have been shown to have varying degrees of medicinal value. In the United States, the first CBD derived drug, Epidiolex, was approved in 2018 to treat some forms of epilepsy. The use of CBD and wide spectrum hemp oils have been growing over the last several years, while technically just becoming legal in the United States due to passage of the 2018 Farm Bill.
References
Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series
Scott Shannon, MD, 1 Nicole Lewis, ND,2 Heather Lee, PA-C,3 and Shannon Hughes, PhD4
Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Series
Elms L1, Shannon S2, Hughes S3, Lewis N4.
Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders
Esther M. Blessing, 1 Maria M. Steenkamp,1 Jorge Manzanares,1,2 and Charles R. Marmar1
Obviously, THC or delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol is the most widely known due to its psychotropic effects. In the U.S., the concentration of THC in hemp must be under 0.3% of the raw hemp plant to be considered not regulated as a controlled substance. Most CBD oils and supplements contain less than 0.3% in their final preparations, although States that permit recreational marijuana sales have varying degrees of blends. Through our range of processes, Blue Mountain can provide THC concentrations
from zero (non-detectable levels) to up to the legal concentration of 0.3% in the final preparation. Our Chiropractic Health Channel Partners have expressed interest in a range of bioavailable THC below legal limits to assist in CBD absorption, better known as the entourage effect.
Related National Institute of Health THC Links regarding Effectiveness
Cannabichromene (CBC) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid with a host of potential therapeutic applications. CBC is typically found in low levels in most cannabis strains and shares molecular similarity to other cannabinoids such as THC and CBD. CBC is also a descendant of CBG, which acts a chemical precursor to these three major cannabinoids. CBC may work most effectively when paired with other cannabinoids and terpenes to maximize the whole plant medicinal spectrum cannabis potentially offers.
Related National Institute of Health THC Links regarding Effectiveness
Anti-inflammatory properties of cannabichromene
Philip W.Wirth, E.Sue Watson, Mahmoud ElSohly, Carlton E.Turner, James C.Murphy
Inhibitory effect of cannabichromene, a major non-psychotropic cannabinoid extracted from Cannabis sativa, on inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice
Izzo AA1, Capasso R, Aviello G, Borrelli F, Romano B, Piscitelli F, Gallo L, Capasso F, Orlando P, Di Marzo V.
Cannabinol (CBN) is a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid known for its powerful sedative properties. When THC is oxidized, the degradation process converts THC to CBN, which may account for the sedative effect aged cannabis often carries.
CBN is a byproduct of THC and is typically found in small amounts in most cannabis strains but specific cultivar selection as well as aging have shown to increase CBN concentration levels. CBN was also the first cannabinoid to be isolated, previously thought to be responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis before the discovery of THC. Its structure is very similar to that of THC and thus they share some chemical and psychotropic properties, although CBN is typically very mild.
Related Media CBN Links regarding Effectiveness
CBN Is Another Cannabis Compound With Beneficial Properties
Forbes Magazine, July 30, 2019
Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that plays an important role in the biochemistry of the cannabis plant. CBG acts as a chemical precursor to other cannabinoids such as THC and CBD. This conversion typically takes place 6-8 weeks in the flowering cycle. CBG is present only in trace amounts in most cannabis strains, however, some hemp strains are specifically cultivated to generate higher yields of this cannabinoid. By pre-selecting these strains, some producers have increased yields of CBD and THC and make for a much more productive extraction.
CBG also displays a multitude of potential health benefits including having antioxidant properties as well as anti-inflammatory properties like most cannabinoids.
Related Media CBG Links regarding Effectiveness
What is CBG (cannabigerol) & what does this cannabinoid do?
Jacqueline Havelka, March 22, 2017. Leafly
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a cannabinoid that holds potentially potent psychoactive effects, along with a host of medicinal benefits. Similar in chemical composition to THC, THCV is thought to act as an antagonist to some of the effects of THC when found in small amounts, while possibly accentuating them in higher doses. Strains or products rich in THCV may result in a stimulating, clear-headed, almost psychedelic type of energetic high that is typically shorter in duration.
Related Media THCV Links regarding Effectiveness
What Is THCV and What Are the Benefits of This Cannabinoid?
Bailey Rahn, February, 2013. Leafly.
The cannabis plant offers many molecules that have been found to provide medicinal efficacy for patients and health and wellness benefits for “adult use” consumers. Among these healthful chemicals are cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids.
Terpenes are the molecules responsible for the sometimes pungent aroma of many strains of cannabis. With 200 terpenes possible in an individual strain (or cultivar) of cannabis, an almost unlimited number of subtly distinct scents has been produced by breeders and cultivators over the centuries.
The Details
From an evolutionary perspective, terpenes serve the purpose of protecting cannabis plants from predators and pests. These odiferous chemicals are manufactured in the gooey resin glands called trichomes found in the greatest numbers on female plants during the final weeks of the flowering cycle of growth.
More than 20,000 terpenes exist throughout nature. Interestingly, many individual terpenes are present in a variety of plant types. For example, pinine is a popular medicinal terpene that has been found to reduce systemic inflammation and act as a bronchodilator (assists in allowing airflow through the lungs). Major terpenes found in cannabis include many found in other plants in nature, including limonene (citrus), humulene (hops used to brew beer), and geraniol (geraniums).
Major Terpenes
The major terpenes found most commonly in commercially available strains of cannabis in legal countries, states, and provinces are detailed below:
- β Caryophyllene: Only terpene to interact with the human endocannabinoid system (ECS) (via the CB2 receptors located mostly in the organs and tissues of the immune system). Delivers analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Geraniol: Effective for neuropathy. Potentially effective for patients with conditions such as diabetes, sciatic nerve pain, and diabetic neuropathy. Interestingly, geraniol is also one of the only terpenes that can serve as an effective mosquito repellent!
- Limonene: Dominant in strains of cannabis featuring a pronounced sativa effect. Increases bioavailability of terpenes absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes. Effective for combating anxiety and depression.
- Linalool: Delivers sedative properties and relieves anxiety and stress. Also serves as an analgesic and anti-epileptic.
- Myrcene: The most prevalent terpene in cannabis. Found in some quantity in almost all strains/cultivars. Mangoes are an excellent source of myrcene, which has been shown to amplify the effects of THC.
- Ocimene: Provides antifungal properties. Like pinene, the ocimene terpene manifests in both alpha and beta varieties. This terpene occurs naturally in mint, parsley, pepper, basil, mangoes (also a great source of myrcene), and kumquats. Ocimene provides multiple medicinal benefits, including acting as an antiviral, antiseptic, decongestant, antibacterial, and antifungal.
- Pinene: Also called α pinene, this terpene acts as both a bronchodilator and an anti-inflammatory and, like ocimene, features a β-pinene variant. Like THC, both versions of pinene possess the special ability to cross the extremely selective blood-brain barrier. While myrcene is the most common terpene in cannabis, pinene is the most common in the plant kingdom.
- Terpineol: Provides relaxing and calming effects that are good for those who suffer anxiety, depression, and stress-related conditions.
- Terpinolene: Delivers anti-cancer and antioxidant efficacy in rats. Studies involving mice demonstrate that this terpene has a sedative effect when inhaled. Responsible for the floral aroma of the strain Jack Herer.
Controversial Myrcene Effect
According to SC Labs in San Francisco, a particular cannabis strain’s volume/concentration of myrcene dictates whether it exhibits an “indica” or “sativa” effect. Strains containing >0.5% myrcene produce a more sedative effect, while those with <0.5% myrcene provide an energizing, cerebral efficacy. Sativa strains are also sometimes associated with appetite suppression and the ability to mentally focus, while polarized indica varieties often deliver appetite stimulation, sedation, and even slumber.
Recent research and anecdotal evidence is helping thought leaders and medical researchers form modern, cogent theories regarding the various efficacy categories of an individual strain of cannabis. This includes categorizing and commercially labelling particular strains of cannabis, and even samples (via batch testing required by jurisdictions) regarding how they affect some or the majority of patients (efficacy is highly subjective) for things like appetite, energy level, mood, and cognitive function (including attention span and even performance enhancement.